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The alveolar or postalveolar clicks are a family of found only in and in the ritual jargon of . The tongue is more or less concave (depending on the language), and is pulled down rather than back as in the , making a hollower sound than those consonants.

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is . The symbol is not an in origin, but rather a with a subscript dot, the dot being the old diacritic for retroflex consonants. Prior to 1989, (stretched c) was the IPA letter for the alveolar clicks, and this is still preferred by some phoneticians. The tail of may be the tail of retroflex consonants in the IPA, and thus analogous to the underdot of .Pullum & Ladusaw, Phonetic Symbol Guide, p. 34 Either letter may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for clicks.


Alveolar click consonants and their transcription
In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a via a tie bar, though is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript without the tie bar, again often neglecting the . Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular alveolar clicks. Common alveolar clicks in these three transcriptions are:

tenuis alveolar click
aspirated alveolar click
voiced alveolar click
alveolar nasal click
aspirated alveolar nasal click
glottalized alveolar nasal click
tenuis alveolar click
aspirated alveolar click
voiced alveolar click
alveolar nasal click
aspirated alveolar nasal click
glottalized alveolar nasal click

The last can be heard in the sound sample at right; non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them. The nasal click may also be heard at the right.

In the orthographies of individual languages, the letters and digraphs for alveolar clicks may be based on either the vertical bar symbol of the IPA, , or on the Latin of Bantu convention. Khoekhoe and most languages use the former; , , and use the latter.


Features
Features of postalveolar clicks:

  • The forward place of articulation is alveolar or postalveolar, depending on the language, and , which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the or the roof of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge. (Damin contrasted these two articulations as separate .) The release is a sharp, plosive sound in southern Africa, but in Sandawe it may be percussive, with the underside of the tip of the tongue striking the floor of the mouth after the release of the click (see below), and in Hadza the release is often quite weak.


Occurrence
does not have an alveolar click (or any other click consonant) as a phoneme, but a plain alveolar click does occur in mimesis, as a sound children use to imitate a horse trotting.Tucker et al. (1977), The East-African Click Languages: A Phonetic Comparison

!Kung an 'inside'
la qo 'to trip'
ke qhena 'to be slow'
he nqee 'dead leopard'
te qqe 'to carry'
gqokomi 'greater kudu'may have a slapped release:
ho qo qa 'to chat/converse'Contrasts with , aspirated, and alveolar nasal clicks. See
i qanda 'egg'Contrasts with , aspirated, and alveolar nasal clicks
ǃqhàà 'water'An aspirated linguo-pulmonic stop
i qa qa 'polecat'Contrasts with , aspirated, and alveolar nasal clicks.


Percussive release
In , alveolar clicks commonly have a ballistic release, with the underside of the tip of the tongue subsequently striking the floor of the mouth.Wright, Richard, Ian Maddieson, Peter Ladefoged, Bonny Sands (1995). "A phonetic study of Sandawe clicks", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, No. 91: Fieldwork Studies in Targeted Languages III. This allophone has been called "flapped" and "slapped". Sometimes the percussive slap is louder than the release, resulting in a sound that has been characterized as a "cluck". The symbol for the sublingual percussive component is in the extensions to the IPA; a slapped click is therefore transcribed or (or ). The percussive allophones of the five Sandawe alveolar clicks are (or etc.).

Clement Doke also noted a palatal click with slapped release, .Clement Doke (1925) An outline of the phonetics of the language of the ʗhũ̬꞉ Bushman of the North-West Kalahari. Bantu Studies 2: 129–166.

Nasal clicks that fit this description are used by speakers of (from county) and of Mandarin (from Beijing and ), and presumably people from other parts of the country, with varying degrees of competence in nursery rhymes for the words for 'goose' and 'duck', both of which begin with in Gan and until recently began with in Mandarin as well. In Gan, the nursery rhyme is (disregarding tone),

天一隻鵝 'a goose in the sky'
地下一隻鴨 'a duck on the ground'
鵝生鵝蛋鵝孵鵝 'a goose lays a goose egg, a goose hatches a goose'
鴨生鴨蛋鴨孵鴨 'a duck lays a duck egg, a duck hatches a duck'
where the onsets are all pronounced .Geoffrey Nathan, 'Clicks in a Chinese Nursery Rhyme', JIPA (2001) 31/2.


"Fricated" alveolar clicks
A series of clicks in Ekoka !Kung have been variously described as retroflex or fricated palatal clicks.


See also


External links
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